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History of
India and its civilization dates back to at least 6500 BC which perhaps makes
the oldest surviving civilization in the world. India has been a meeting ground
between the East and the West. Through out its history many invaders have come
to India but Indian religions allowed it to adapt to and absorb all of them.
All the while, these local dynasties built upon the roots of a culture well
established. India has always been simply too big, too complicated, and too
culturally subtle to let any one empire dominate it for long. Based on
archeological findings, Indian history can be broadly divided into five phases:
1.Saraswati (Harappan) civilization: 6500 BC - 1000 BC or also called 'Vedic period' in history of India.
2. Golden period of Indian
History:
500 BC - 800 AD
3. Muslim
influence in India: 1000 AD- 1700 AD
4. British period
in India: 1700 AD - 1947 AD
5. Modern India:
1947 - till date
Earliest
historical evidence from Mehargarh
(north-west Indian sub-continent) shows beginning of civilization in India at
around 6500 B.C. It is the earliest and largest
urban site of the period in the world. This site has yielded evidence for the
earliest domestication of animals, evolution of agriculture, as well as arts
and crafts. The horse was first domesticated here in 6500 B.C. There is a
progressive process of the domestication of animals, particularly cattle, the
development of agriculture, beginning with barley and then later wheat and
rice, and the use of metal, beginning with copper and culminating in iron,
along with the development villages and towns. It has been suggested by
some historians that an 'Aryan Invasion' of Indian subcontinent took place
around 1500-1000 B.C. However, current archeological data do not support the
existence of an Indo Aryan or European invasion into South Asia at any time in
the pre or proto-historic periods (David Frawley). The people in this
tradition were the same basic ethnic groups as in India today, with their same
basic types of languages.
Two
important cities were discovered: Harappa on the Ravi river, and Mohenjodaro on the Indus during excavations in
1920. The remains of these two cities were part of a large civilization and
well developed ancient civilization, which is now called by historians as 'Indus
Valley Civilization', or 'Saraswati Civilization'. Later Harappan
(Sarasvati) civilization 3100-1900 BC shows massive cities, complex agriculture
and metallurgy, sophistication of arts and crafts, and precision in weights and
measures. They built large buildings, which were mathematically-planned. The
city planning in those ancient cities is comparable to the best of our modern
cities. This civilization had a written language and was highly
sophisticated. Some of these towns were almost three miles in diameter
with thousands of residents. These ancient municipalities had granaries,
citadels, and even household toilets. In Mohenjodaro, a mile-long canal
connected the city to the sea, and trading ships sailed as far as Mesopotamia.
At its height, the Indus civilization extended over half a million square miles
across the Indus river valley, and though it existed at the same time as the
ancient civilizations of Egypt and Sumer, it far outlasted them. This Sarasvati
civilization was a center of trading and for the diffusion of civilization
throughout south and west Asia, which often dominated the Mesopotamian
region.
Mehrgarh, Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan and Lothal are peripheral cities of the great Sarasvati civilization with more than 500 sites along its banks awaiting excavation.
Mehrgarh, Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan and Lothal are peripheral cities of the great Sarasvati civilization with more than 500 sites along its banks awaiting excavation.
The year
4500 B.C. marks Mandhatr's defeat of Druhyus, driving them to the west into
Iran. 4000-3700 B.C. was the Rig Veda period. In 3730 B.C. the 'Battle of Ten'
Kings - occurred. That was the age of Sudas and his sage advisors, Vasistha and
Visvamitra. From 3600 to 3100 B.C. was the late Vedic age during which Yajur,
Sama, and Atharva Vedas were composed. 3100 B.C. is the probable date of the
Mahabharata, composed by Vyasa. At this time, a tectonic plate shift resulted
in river Yamuna which was a tributary of river Saraswati shifted its course and
Saraswati became smaller. It was the beginning of 'Kali Yuga'. In 1900
B.C., another tectonic plate shift made Saraswati lose Sutlej. This dried up
Sarasvati, causing massive exodus of people towards the Ganga valley in east,
whence arose the classical civilization of India. Post-Harappan civilization
1900-1000 BC shows the abandonment of the Harappan towns owing to ecological
and river changes but without a real break in the continuity of the culture.
There is a decentralization and relocation in which the same basic agricultural
and artistic traditions continue, along with a few significant urban sites like Dwaraka. This gradually
develops into the Gangetic civilization of the first millennium BC, which is
the classical civilization of ancient India, which retains its memory of its
origin in the Saraswati region through the Vedas.
Important Point Of This Study Material Are:
1. Mahajanpad
2. Haryak Vansh
3. Shisunag Vansh
4. Nand Vansh
5. Maurya vansh
6. Shrung Vansh
7. kanv vansh.
8. Saatvahan Vansh
9. Xatrap vansh
10. Kushan
Study Material Name : Prachin Bharat Na Mukhya Rajvansh
Wrriten By : Career Academy
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