Gulick described planning as the first task of administration. According to the objective setting, making an action plan and deciding who will do the work, when it will be done, how and where to do, etc. The first step of administration is always accepted.
In Terry’s words- “Planning is the process of looking into the future. In fact, planning is an outline of the work to be done and the procedures to be followed to achieve the objective. ” Dimock- “Planning is the process of laying the groundwork for future work.”
Need for planning:
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Before completing any work, it is better to have its various aspects and aspects determined beforehand. Planning determines the nature of the future process.
It gives direction to the condition of work by ensuring available resources and their rational allocation. R. According to C. Maheshwari – “This is a prudent process found in all human behavior.”
Taylor considered planning as the basis of scientific management and said that organizations should formulate plans if they are to succeed in achieving the objective. It is the importance of planning that after the fame in communist countries, capitalist countries eventually adopted the model after initial opposition. Planning has become the hallmark of a strong effective tool in developing economical social development, infrastructure building and rational exploitation of resources.
Process of planning:
Planning or planning is not made abruptly. For this, patient objectives have to be determined, resource estimation and allocation and installation of implementation steps.
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Sechler-Hudson considers six stages in systematic planning:
1. Definition and extent of the problem carefully done to the extent possible,
2. Research all available information related to the problems,
3. Determining possible different solutions or methods to solve the problem,
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4. Practically examining one or more improvisation tools,
5. To evaluate the results in the light of experience, continuous research and new developments.
6. Rethinking the problem and the consequences and reevaluate them if justified.
According to Millett, planning consists of three main stages:
(1) Determination of goals,
(2) assessment of the means available to achieve those goals and
(3) Preparation of program designed to achieve the set objectives.
In general, there are three stages of planning, which are prevalent in India:
1. Determination of objectives (with priority),
2. Implementation,
3. Evaluation.
Planning in India:
Planning Commission is the main responsibility of planning in India. He prepares the plan which is approved by the National Development Council. The approved scheme is implemented by the administrative ministries of the government. Thus, planning in India is a collective effort.
Process or phase of planning:
In India, the process of planning used to start from the top but decentralization has given it the form of “planning from below”. In the same way, the Planning Commission takes the initiative.
(1) In the first phase, the Planning Commission in consultation with the Central and State Governments formulates an approximate plan of the scheme. This format is placed before the National Development Council. This format is revised and sent to the Central Government Ministries and State Governments for consideration as per the instructions of the Council.
(2) Under the second phase, the federal ministries and state governments prepare their own plans. Under the “Vikendrit Yojana” state governments start their schemes from local.
The consolidation of the schemes of rural and urban bodies takes place at the district level and these district level schemes are modified and consolidated into state plans by the state governments keeping in view the available resources and policy contexts.
(3) In the third phase, again the role of Planning Commission comes. The Planning Commission consolidates them into a “national plan” by examining the plans of federal ministries and state governments. While deciding the form of the scheme, the Commission consults with the representatives of various parties of Parliament.
After that the “draft plan” is published, which becomes the subject of public discussion. Universities, press, political parties, trade boards, commerce organizations and other groups and individuals are free to make their own comments about that format.
(4) The fourth stage is of negotiation-agreement. The Commission holds detailed and lengthy talks with the State Governments regarding the nature, amount etc. of their schemes. The states plan is finalized and included in the national plan. This is what the Union Government does with its ministries.
(5) The fifth stage is of approval. The said plan is placed before the Union Cabinet for its approval. The approved plan from here is placed before the National Development Council and then sent to Parliament for approval from here. Only after the approval of the Parliament is the form of the plan legal or governmental and sent to the federal ministries and state governments for implementation.
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Planning Commission
The term planning in India first resonated in 1933 when M. Vishveshwaraya aimed to double the country’s income
